African Honeyguides

Research on a remarkable
human-animal relationship

New collaborative paper on honeyguide-human cooperation in Kenya

Jan 3, 2022

Awer snail whistle

In a new paper in Frontiers in Conservation Science, we report on the honey-hunting culture with greater honeyguides of the marginalised Awer people in Kenya, historically a hunter-gatherer culture who today practise a mixed economy including significant amounts of foraging for wild foods. Isa Gedi from the Northern Rangelands Trust interviewed six Awer honey-hunters across four villages to document their cultural practices. Awer honey-hunters depend on wild honey as a source of income, and readily seek the cooperation of honeyguides. Interviewees go out honey-hunting once a week after the big rains. To attract honeyguides, interviewees consistently whistled “fuuj fuuj fuuj” or whistled on the shell of a Giant African Land Snail (which is only ever done in this context). Honeyguides are not actively rewarded with wax, as it is believed that once a bird is fed it will not cooperate again for some time. Honey-hunting practices are declining in Lamu County, which interviewees attributed to drought and a lack of interest by the youth. These findings expand our understanding of how human-honeyguide mutualism persists across a range of human cultural variation. We thank the interviewees for sharing their honey-hunting culture with us, and acknowledge the support of the Awer Community Conservancy which partners with Northern Rangelands Trust in matters of community-based conservation.

News

Dr David Lloyd-Jones graduates with his PhD

Dr David Lloyd-Jones graduated with his PhD from the University of Cape Town, entitled “Cooperation, ecology and behaviour in the honeyguide-human mutualism” – congratulations, David, on this wonderful outcome of many happy years of fieldwork in the Niassa Special Reserve together with our honey-hunter collaborators and friends, supported by the Mariri Environmental Centre.

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Tragic attacks in the Niassa Special Reserve, Mozambique

On 29 April 2025, armed insurgents attacked the Mariri Environmental Centre in Mozambique’s Niassa Special Reserve, resulting in the tragic loss of two anti-poaching scouts, Domingos Daude and Fernando Paolo Wirsone (please see statement from the Niassa Carnivore Project). This followed a prior tragic attack at Kambako Safari camp on 19 April. Mariri and the nearby village of Mbamba are at the heart of our work on human-honeyguide cooperation, made possible by the knowledge and partnership of the Mbamba honey-hunting community. We grieve alongside the people of Mariri, Mbamba, and the wider Niassa community, and stand in solidarity with the enduring spirit of conservation and unity.

Update, 19 June 2025: The insurgents have been expelled from Niassa and our friends and collaborators have been able to return to Mariri Environmental Centre and Mbamba village. Please see the Niassa Lion Project page for updates: https://www.facebook.com/niassalionproject.
We send strength and support to all at Mariri and Mbamba as Niassa recovers from this terrible time.
Please also see this National Geographic article for further context to the attacks.

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New paper on honeyguides guiding to snakes (and a mammal) rather than to bees

In a new study from the Honeyguide Research Project, we are excited to present evidence that honeyguides occasionally guide humans to non-bee animals. Our research – which builds on centuries of reports by a wide variety of human cultures across Africa – shows how the behaviour of honeyguides when guiding humans to wild bees’ nests, is spatially and acoustically similar to when honeyguides guide humans to other kinds of animal. In Niassa Special Reserve, where this research was conducted, we find this to be a rare behaviour (occurring on around 1% of honey-hunting interactions). We suggest that the most likely explanation for such behaviour is not as punishment for not previously rewarding the birds with beeswax, nor as a form of altruistic warning behaviour, but rather, due to cognitive mistakes in the birds’ spatial recall.

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